In Persia (modern-day Iran), the Mongols under Hulagu Khan created the Ilkhanate, which lasted from 1256 to 1335. The Mongols caused significant destruction in Persia, particularly in cities like Baghdad, which was devastated in 1258 during the sacking of the Abbasid Caliphate. However, after the initial wave of destruction, the Mongols gradually integrated into Persian society.

The Ilkhanate rulers adopted many aspects of Persian culture, including Persian administration, art, and architecture. Persian scholars were employed in the Mongol court, and Persian became the language of government. The Mongols were also generally tolerant of Islam, and the majority of the population in Persia remained Muslim throughout Mongol rule. The Ilkhans supported the construction of mosques, schools, and other Islamic institutions, fostering a period of cultural and intellectual development in the region.

For the people of Persia and the broader Middle East, daily life under Mongol rule was characterized by both hardship and opportunity. While there were frequent rebellions and uprisings, the Mongols also facilitated trade along the Silk Road, leading to greater economic prosperity for merchants and artisans. The Pax Mongolica, or "Mongol Peace," allowed for the flow of goods, ideas, and technologies across the empire, contributing to the growth of cities and markets.

Life in Russia and Eastern Europe

In Eastern Europe and Russia, the Mongols established the Golden Horde, which dominated the region from the 13th to the 15th centuries. The Mongols ruled Russia through local princes, who were required to pay tribute to the Mongol khan. The Mongol invasion of Russia was a traumatic event, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. However, over time, the Mongols integrated into the region, and some Russian princes became loyal vassals of the Mongols.

For the Russian people, life under the Mongols was often harsh. The Mongols imposed heavy tribute demands, and many villages were raided by Mongol forces. However, the Mongol rule also provided some stability in the form of centralized administration and military protection from external threats. The Mongol influence can be seen in the military organization and political structures of later Russian states shutdown123